How To Set Up a Node.js Application for Production on Ubuntu 16.04

Introduction

Node.js is an open source JavaScript runtime environment for easily building server-side and networking applications. The platform runs on Linux, OS X, FreeBSD, and Windows. Node.js applications can be run at the command line, but we'll focus on running them as a service, so that they will automatically restart on reboot or failure, and can safely be used in a production environment.

Install Node.js

First, you need to install the NodeSource PPA in order to get access to its contents. Make sure you're in your home directory, and use curl to retrieve the installation script for the Node.js 6.x archives:

cd ~
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_6.x -o nodesource_setup.sh
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_8.x -o nodesource_setup.sh

You can inspect the contents of this script with vi (or your preferred text editor):

vi nodesource_setup.sh

And run the script under sudo If you have not root privileges:

sudo bash nodesource_setup.sh

The PPA will be added to your configuration and your local package cache will be updated automatically. After running the setup script from nodesource, you can install the Node.js package in the same way that you did above:

sudo apt-get install nodejs

The nodejs package contains the nodejs binary as well as npm, so you don't need to install npm separately. However, in order for some npm packages to work (such as those that require compiling code from source), you will need to install the build-essential package:

Create Node.js Application

We will write a Hello World application that simply returns "Hello World" to any HTTP requests. This is a sample application that will help you get your Node.js set up, which you can replace with your own application--just make sure that you modify your application to listen on the appropriate IP addresses and ports.

Hello World Code

First, create and open your Node.js application for editing. For this tutorial, we will use vi to edit a sample application called hello.js:

cd ~
nano hello.js

Insert the following code into the file. If you want to, you may replace the highlighted port, 3000, in both locations (be sure to use a non-admin port, i.e. 1024 or greater):

#!/usr/bin/env nodejs
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
  res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
  res.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(3000, 'localhost');
console.log('Server running at http://localhost:3000/');

Now save and exit.

This Node.js application simply listens on the specified address (localhost) and port (3000), and returns "Hello World" with a 200 HTTP success code. Since we're listening on localhost, remote clients won't be able to connect to our application.

Test Application

In order to test your application, mark hello.js executable:

chmod +x ./hello.js

And run it like so:

./hello.js
Output
Server running at http://localhost:3000/

Note: Running a Node.js application in this manner will block additional commands until the application is killed by pressing Ctrl-C.

In order to test the application, open another terminal session on your server, and connect to localhostwith curl:

curl http://localhost:3000

If you see the following output, the application is working properly and listening on the proper address and port:

Output
Hello World

If you do not see the proper output, make sure that your Node.js application is running, and configured to listen on the proper address and port.

Once you're sure it's working, kill the application (if you haven't already) by pressing Ctrl+C.

Install PM2

which is a process manager for Node.js applications. PM2 provides an easy way to manage and daemonize applications (run them in the background as a service).

We will use npm, a package manager for Node modules that installs with Node.js, to install PM2 on our server. Use this command to install PM2:

sudo npm install -g pm2

The -g option tells npm to install the module globally, so that it's available system-wide.

Manage Application with PM2

PM2 is simple and easy to use. We will cover a few basic uses of PM2.

Start Application

The first thing you will want to do is use the pm2 start command to run your application, hello.js, in the background:

pm2 start hello.js

This also adds your application to PM2's process list, which is outputted every time you start an application:

Output
[PM2] Spawning PM2 daemon
[PM2] PM2 Successfully daemonized
[PM2] Starting hello.js in fork_mode (1 instance)
[PM2] Done.
┌──────────┬────┬──────┬──────┬────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────────┬──────────┐
│ App name │ id │ mode │ pid  │ status │ restart │ uptime │ memory      │ watching │
├──────────┼────┼──────┼──────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────────┼──────────┤
│ hello    │ 0  │ fork │ 3524 │ online │ 0       │ 0s     │ 21.566 MB   │ disabled │
└──────────┴────┴──────┴──────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────────┴──────────┘
 Use `pm2 show <id|name>` to get more details about an app

As you can see, PM2 automatically assigns an App name (based on the filename, without the .jsextension) and a PM2 id. PM2 also maintains other information, such as the PID of the process, its current status, and memory usage.

Applications that are running under PM2 will be restarted automatically if the application crashes or is killed, but an additional step needs to be taken to get the application to launch on system startup (boot or reboot). Luckily, PM2 provides an easy way to do this, the startup sub-command.

The startup sub-command generates and configures a startup script to launch PM2 and its managed processes on server boots:

pm2 startup systemd

The last line of the resulting output will include a command that you must run with superuser privileges:

Other PM2 Usage (Optional)

PM2 provides many sub-commands that allow you to manage or look up information about your applications. Note that running pm2 without any arguments will display a help page, including example usage, that covers PM2 usage in more detail than this section of the tutorial.

Stop an application with this command (specify the PM2 App name or id):

pm2 stop app_name_or_id

Restart an application with this command (specify the PM2 App name or id):

pm2 restart app_name_or_id

The list of applications currently managed by PM2 can also be looked up with the list subcommand:

pm2 list

More information about a specific application can be found by using the info subcommand (specify the PM2 App name or id):

pm2 info example

The PM2 process monitor can be pulled up with the monit subcommand. This displays the application status, CPU, and memory usage:

pm2 monit

Now that your Node.js application is running, and managed by PM2, let's set up the reverse proxy.

Set Up Nginx as a Reverse Proxy Server

Now that your application is running, and listening on localhost, you need to set up a way for your users to access it. We will set up the Nginx web server as a reverse proxy for this purpose.

In the prerequisite tutorial, we set up our Nginx configuration in the /etc/nginx/sites-available/default file. Open the file for editing:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

Within the server block you should have an existing location / block. Replace the contents of that block with the following configuration. If your application is set to listen on a different port, update the highlighted portion to the correct port number.

/etc/nginx/sites-available/default

. . .
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://localhost:3000;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
    }
}

This configures the server to respond to requests at its root. Assuming our server is available at xyz.com, accessing http://xyz.com/ via a web browser would send the request to hello.js, listening on port 3000 at localhost.

You can add additional location blocks to the same server block to provide access to other applications on the same server. For example, if you were also running another Node.js application on port 3001, you could add this location block to allow access to it via http://xyz.com/app2:

/etc/nginx/sites-available/default — Optional

    location /app2 {
        proxy_pass http://localhost:3001;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
    }

Once you are done adding the location blocks for your applications, save and exit.

Make sure you didn't introduce any syntax errors by typing:

sudo nginx -t

Next, restart Nginx:

sudo systemctl restart nginx